The Standard Economic Theory ( Robbins ) - 3306 Words

Traditionally, standard economic theory (Robbins 1930) dictates that time-use is allocated between labor and leisure; however, Kimmel and Connelly point out this model simply does not hold true for mothers. Kimmel and Connelly posit that mothers presumably face another category of household work, separated into caregiving time and household production. Kimmel and Connelly modify this economic model to expand the time-use choices of mothers to include five various categories: labor (paid market work), leisure, home production, caregiving time (parental childcare), and other (sleeping, education, etc.—which will be ignored from here on out since personal care time is too diverse to calculate). The distinction of household work into two†¦show more content†¦. .† which causes mothers to allocate more time to childcare than household production (p. 667). These findings open up discussion of mothers’ time-use as it relates to the price of childcare, which would have important considerations and implications for policymakers. Hoffman examines the effect of children and marriage on women’s labor force participation between the years of 1984 and 2004 using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The data is valuable since it looks at the same years as recent work by Boushey of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, which suggested that the negative impact of children on mothers’ labor force participation has actually declined. Moreover, the sample sizes analyzed by Hoffman are large varying between 56,000 and 70,000 women 25-44 years old. Using a regression analysis, Hoffman’s various models allow for the interaction of marriage with children with the year to be taken into account. Hoffman is thus â€Å"able to compare the labor force participation of single women with children to single women without children . . . and married women with children to married women without children† (p. 8). Hoffman concludes that the negative impact of children on women’s labor force participation is almost the same as it was back in 1984 in that â€Å"children reduced the labor forceShow MoreRelatedWhat was Frederick Taylors most significant contribution to management?1185 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious wage and bonus incentive plans, an array of techniques for measuring work input and output, and an ideology of authority in organisation. Understandably, this new core and field of management has attracted many critics who claimed that the theory dehumanises and exploit workers. However, Taylors impact on management cannot be denied. Many current management practices are influenced and guided, either consciously or subconsciously, by these traditional concepts. It is also impossible to faultRead MoreClassical Management Theories1568 Words   |  7 Pagesmodels and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organisa tions required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. This urgency for a theory saw the development of six major management approaches, the focus of this essay will be on two of the classical management theories; the scientific management theory and the human relations movement. The contributions of both these theories will beRead MoreEssay about Classical Management Theories1523 Words   |  7 Pagesmodels and theories. From the turn of the 20th Century, the need for a formal management theory was growing evident; organisations required a system to guide managers in an attempt to improve productivity and efficiency of workers. This urgency for a theory saw the development of six major management approaches, the focus of this essay will be on two of the classical management theories; the scientific management theory and the human relations movement. The contributions of both these theories will beRead MoreOrganization Commitment and Communication Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pages2011 Mike Ballif Nordstrom, Inc.: Organization Commitment and Communication Leadership of an organization sets the tone for communication in and out of the organization. This paper will discuss leadership styles, bases of power and motivational theories as they pertain to Nordstrom, Inc. and other organizations. Publius Syrus, wrote, â€Å"The greater a man is in power above others, the more he ought to excel them in virtue. None ought to govern who is not better than the governed.† Although this wasRead MoreHonda Motor Co., Ltd3431 Words   |  14 PagesGoals 4 Strategic goals 4 Tactical goals 4 Operational goals 4 Organization culture 4 Intrinsic aspect 4 Extrinsic aspect 5 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility 5 Integrated Social Contrct 5 Socio-economic view 5 Problem-solving and Decision-making 6 Problem identify 6 Performance deficiency problem 6 Decision-making program 6 Figure 1: Market Quality enhancement system in Honda Motor Co., Ltd 7 Control function 7 ControlRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives and Research1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisationalRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives and Research1448 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Modern, post-modern, critical theory and symbolic-interpretive are four different perspectives that provides different ways to analyse and understand organisations, however this essay shall focus on two perspectives, namely the modern and critical theory. These two perspectives have different views on concepts that might appear similar, thus this essay shall examine the different stands they each take. Concepts that can be examined include, power, control and conflict, organisationalRead MoreAffirmative Action On Equal Rights1655 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who share similar characteristics and values. It means that if every owner of wages employed qualified workers from their racial or cultural background, the minorities with fewer sources of capital would always be subjugated in the society. The economic properties of a capitalist society emphasize on merit rather than social position. If this property is upheld in all cases, the advantaged will always prevail at all levels of soc ioeconomic activities. Therefore, affirmative action evens the employmentRead MoreWhy The Behavioral Theory Is Better For Success Of Teams1632 Words   |  7 Pagesmanagement thought, especially the scientific management and the organisational behaviour theories, which elevates efficiency by enriching the connection between the work and the worker, has been a key contributor, this is often untrue when theory is applied to real life. This essay will discuss why the behavioural theory is better suited when success of teams is considered and how the scientific management theory limits the team’s freedom and capacity to succeed by relating to the factors which influenceRead MorePrinciples of the Human Relations Movement1504 Words   |  7 PagesBureaucracy, Mayo claimed that scientifically clarified rules, strict work procedure and incentive money payments were not the only stimulus to inspire workers and that they were â€Å"less factors in determining output than were group standards, sentiments and security† (Robbins, Millett Waters-Marsh, 2004, p.815-816) after he proceeded an experiment, called the ‘Hawthorne Experiment’. According to the Hawthorne Studies, employees were motivated to work harder and efficiently when managers provided a

Kite Runner Free Essays

The kite runner: Literacy Essay A single event can shape the rest of a lifetime. Redemption is a way that makes up for the cause of the guilt. The Kite Runner  is very much a â€Å"novel of redemption. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Runner or any similar topic only for you Order Now † The main character, Amir, has to find a way to redeem himself after having betrayed Hassan. Sanaubar, likewise, must find redemption. Baba resolves his past guilty by doing good deeds First, Amir redeems himself by steps into courage and rescues the son of his brother Hassan Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amir’s father’s words still echo through his head  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything. † Pg (24). Although Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he can’t go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace. Although if it was not for Amir’s actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassan’s life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where  Ã¢â‚¬Å"There’s a way to be good again† (238). For all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. â€Å"I have a wife in America, a home, a career and a family†. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have cost Hassan a chance at those very same things? And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that singing Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets† (238). Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his father’s affection and he never could get it. His father had said  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’m telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy (24). Amir’s father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said  Ã¢â‚¬Å"My body was broken just how badly I wouldn’t find out until later but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. † (289) which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley. Second,  In the novel Baba Seeks redemption by treating Hassan well and always remembering his birthday. Amir and Baba were planting tulips, when Amir had asked Baba if he’d ever consider getting new servants And Baba said ‘’Hassan’s not going anywhere, he’d barked. He’s staying right here with us, where he belongs. This is his home and we’re his family. He had wept, wept, when Ali announced he and Hassan were leaving us. † (237) How to cite Kite Runner, Papers Kite Runner Free Essays Human beings are morally ambiguous people. We are neither purely evil nor purely good, but often a mix. And maybe that’s why many of us are attracted to literature works with morally ambiguous characters such as The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Runner or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Kite Runner was set in Kabul, Afghanistan, proceeds to United States during the Soviet Union invasion, and then the setting goes back to Kabul when the Taliban rises in power. In this novel, Amir, to whom the whole story of the book is centered around, is a morally ambiguous character. Amir is a Pashtun boy; he betrays his friendship with Hassan, a Hazara son of Amir’s father’s servant. Guilt haunts Amir for years even after he had left Kabul and moved to United States. Amir is a morally ambiguous character because he’s a coward, he’s selfish, he betrays his friend and lies, but he also finds courage to face what he had done wrong and finds salvation. The first part of the book The Kite Runner proves how Amir is not a purely good character. Amir often hangs out with the Hazara boy, Hassan and would tell Hassan that they are friends, but he still feels he’s above Hassan because Amir is Pashtun and Hazara people are considered below the Pashtun people. Amir wouldn’t hang out with Hassan when other Pashtun boys are with him, he also mocks the fact that Hassan can’t read, not considering the fact that Hassan doesn’t have the opportunity to get an education. Amir couldn’t stand Hassan’s intelligence: Amir had written a story about how a man’s tears turn into pearls when they fall into this magic cup, and the story ended with man’s wife dead in his arms on a mountain pile of pearls. When Hassan heard the story, he had enjoyed it, but he also raised a few questions that angered Amir, â€Å"Why did the man kill his wife? In fact, why did he ever have to be sad to shed tears? Couldn’t he have just smelled an onion? † (p. 34). Amir was angry because a mere Hazara boy who couldn’t read had taught Amir something he, an educated boy, didn’t figure out. These few examples that show how Amir is mean and arrogant are nothing compared to what he does to Hassan later on. Assef is a Pashtun boy that truly hates Hazaras and believes that Hazaras should all disappear. When Amir catches Assef raping Hassan, instead of stepping in, Amir runs away and pretends nothing had happened. When guilt started eating Amir up and he couldn’t stand facing Hassan because Hassan reminds him of his cowardly action, he pinned a crime of thievery on Hassan in order to have Hassan evicted from his house. The second part of the book shows that Amir isn’t purely evil despite what he has done. For a while, Amir’s life is filled with the guilt of not saving Hassan from the rape and it kept Amir from being completely happy, even though he found the love of his life in America and got married. Then one day, Amir’s father’s friend, Rhahim, called him to give him a chance to redeem himself. â€Å"There’s a way to be good again† (p. 226). Amir did find a way to be good again. Amir went back to Afghan to find Hassan’s son, Sohrab, to take him with Amir because Hassan and his wife had been shot to death on the street by the Taliban. Amir finds Sohrab with Assef and ends up getting into a physical fight with Assef. Amir basically lets Assef beat him up and while being beat up, Amir feels relieved. â€Å"My body was broken – just how badly I wouldn’t find out until later – but I felt healed. Healed at last† (p. 289). Amir felt that he was being healed from the guilt that has been crawling beneath his skin every single day. He had betrayed his one and only friend, Hassan, lied, and destroyed a chance where Hassan might have left to United States with him and would still be alive. Amir felt that he finally got what he deserved and he felt much better, he had found salvation. And he had afterwards taken in Sohrab as his own son. Amir had been a coward; he had made selfish decisions and ruined Hassan’s live, but if he had been purely evil then he would not have felt guilt, nor would he have risked his life to bring back a mere Hazara’s son. But he had been filled with guilt and he had gone to find Sohrab and redeemed himself. And thus, Amir is a perfect example of a morally ambiguous character. How to cite Kite Runner, Papers Kite Runner Free Essays The Kite Runner Essay = 100 points DUE in class: Tuesday, April 26th [pic][pic][pic] Assignment: Write a five paragraph formal literary essay on a topic of your choosing to appropriately address The Kite Runner. *Remember: †¢ an essay centers around a strong thesis statement (an opinion regarding a specific topic and at least three main developmental points to support your claim) – if you do not make an argument and you relay unoriginal information that I am aware of by simply reading the text, your essay will receive a grade no higher than a â€Å"C† †¢ use appropriate tone/word choice in your essay no first or second person †¢ no contractions †¢ no repetitive words/phrases/ideas †¢ use proper MLA format †¢ include a Works Cited †¢ you must use quotes from the text in each body paragraph †¢ staple all prewriting and rubric to the back of your final essay in class †¢ see rubric for additional details Prompts: 1. What role doe s religion play in the lives of Baba, Amir, and Assef, and in the novel as a whole? 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Runner or any similar topic only for you Order Now How does the author, Khaled Hosseini, use irony in the novel? 3. How do Amir and Hassan represent the divisions in Afghan society, and how do these divisions affect the courses their lives take? 4. How does the author use time as a narrative device in the novel? 5. How do the political events that occur in Afghanistan shape the lives of Amir, Hassan, and Assef? 6. In what ways does Amir seek redemption and why? 7. How do the relationships between fathers and sons affect the events of the novel? [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] **Rubric: If you include all of the items below you should have a solid essay! Introduction Paragraph: Hook (Catch the reader’s attention – 1 sentence) Precis (short summary of the novel that includes the author, title, and main characters – 2 to 3 sentences) Thesis statement (2 to 3 sentences addressing the prompt and introducing what your entire essay is about – remember to give 3 examples) Body Paragraph 1: Topic sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph is about) TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM Concluding Sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph was about) Body Paragraph 2: Topic sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph is about) TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM Concluding Sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph was about) Body Paragraph 3: Topic sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph is about) TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM TLQ, â€Å"CD† (25). CM Concluding Sentence (1 sentence that describes what this paragraph was about) Conclusion: Revisit the hook Restate the thesis statement Works Cited Page How to cite Kite Runner, Essay examples Kite Runner Free Essays In â€Å"The Kite Runner,† written by Khaled Hosseini, tells a vivid story that demonstrates the political and religious discrimination in Afghan society. Concerns about discrimination are reminded to the reader as one reads about the story of two Afghan boys. A major struggle is evident between the two groups in Afghanistan, the Pashtuns, and the Hazaras. We will write a custom essay sample on Kite Runner or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discrimination sets into place as we learn about the history between the two family lines. On page 9, Amir read from a book that says â€Å"Pashtuns had persecuted and oppressed the Hazaras †¦ the reason was that Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims, while Hazaras were Shi’a. This sets in the idea that the Pashtuns killed the Hazaras simply because they were not Sunni Muslims, resulting in the discrimination in society against the Hazaras. Throughout the novel, there were many scenes of discrimination such as how Hassan was never invited to Amir’s birthday parties, Assef constantly picking on Ali and Hassan as they are from a different class, and especially when Assef was raping Hassan. Assef believed that it was his right to rape Hassan because in his eyes, he was only a Hazara, an object which he can own and control. The Author Khaled Hosseini also used many literary devices to emphasize the effects of discrimination in society. This is shown on page 298 when Assef says â€Å"Afghanistan is like a beautiful mansion littered with garbage, and someone has to take out the garbage. † This is a metaphoric device where Khaled Hosseini had Assef regard the garbage as the Hazaras. He also clearly portrayed Assef in terms of being Hitler by having the same ethnic and political views. Another technique the author used to show discrimination was on page 380 when General Taheri says â€Å"they will want to know why there is a Hazara boy living with my daughter. † This is when the General begins to question Amir’s actions. This shows that even a likeable character like the General, has a nastier side and that even he would show discrimination. More importantly, this depicts the common prejudice in society. Discrimination, racism, prejudice, these are themes that people tend to avoid discussing about. Discrimination is everywhere; everybody knows about it as it is happening, yet nobody says anything to stop it. This reminds me of a book I once read called â€Å"How To Kill A Mockingbird. † To sum it all up, a black man was accused of raping a white daughter, and although the man was clearly innocent, the jury ultimately decided to convict the man, because he was an African American descent. This illustrates how discrimination is like a poison gas; it is easily contagious and affects everybody in the community, clouding our judgments. In the novel, I read a passage that I found very bizarre. It was on page 27 when Amir says â€Å"the curious thing was, I never thought of Hassan and me as friends either†¦ but we were kids who had learned to crawl together, and no history, ethnicity, society, or religion was going to change that either. † I found this to be strange because Amir seems to be contradicting himself, making this a paradox because no amount of history, ethnicity, or society, can change the fact that Amir and Hassan practically spent all their childhood moments together, making them friends, if not, best friends. Another powerful passage in the novel was on page 169 when Baba says â€Å"we may be hardheaded and I know we’re far too proud, but, in the hour of need, believe me that there’s no one you’d rather have at your side than a Pashtun. † This perplexing reference makes me wonder if even Baba represents prejudice in civilization. This also makes me think that Baba believes you want a Pashtun at your side only if you’re a Pashtun and likewise to Hazaras. This shows the segregation and ethnic problems that constantly crawl its way up to the surface. Year after year, discrimination once again sets foot into society. We’ve all believed discrimination would disappear after Martin Luther King’s speech, but unmistakably, discrimination is like a spark of flame that refuses to go out. In the novel The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini used many tactics to show that every character discriminates against others, representing society. This is evident on page 27 when Amir says â€Å"in the end, I was a Pashtun and he was a Hazara. I was Sunni, and he was a Shi’a, and nothing was going to change that. † This shows that despite the fact that Amir and Hassan are really close, social prejudice sets foot once again, demonstrating that it can even influence children. I wonder why society discriminates against other cultures. Is it because it makes them feel that their culture is superior? Or perhaps it satisfies people by seeing others in emotional pain. From this point forward, I understand that the world is filled with discrimination, which must now be stopped. People have believed that as long as there are people of different background and culture, discrimination would live on. I believe that discrimination only lives because we want it to. People are afraid of others from different cultures simply because they might not share the same customs, which scares some of us. However, if people can look past the differences disconnecting us all, then civilization would be able to coexist harmoniously with others from a different race, thus, ending this long lasting chain of discrimination. How to cite Kite Runner, Papers

Changes To The Bill Of Rights Essay Example For Students

Changes To The Bill Of Rights Essay How many rights do you have? You should check, because it might not be as many today as it was a few years ago, or even a few months ago. Some people I talk to are not concerned that police will execute a search warrant without knocking or that they set up roadblocks and stop and interrogate innocent citizens. They do not regard these as great infringements on their rights. But when you put current events together, there is information that may be surprising to people who have not yet been concerned: The amount of the Bill of Rights that is under attack is alarming. Lets take a look at the Bill of Rights and see which aspects are being pushed on or threatened. The point here is not the degree of each attack or its rightness or wrongness, but the sheer number of rights that are under attack. Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. ESTABLISHING RELIGION: While campaigning for his first term, George Bush said I dont know that atheists should be considered as citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. Bush has not retracted, commented on, or clarified this statement, in spite of requests to do so. According to Bush, this is one nation under God. And apparently if you are not within Bushs religious beliefs, you are not a citizen. Federal, state, and local governments also promote a particular religion (or, occasionally, religions) by spending public money on religious displays. FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION: Robert Newmeyer and Glenn Braunstein were jailed in 1988 for refusing to stand in respect for a judge. Braunstein says the tradition of rising in court started decades ago when judges entered carrying Bibles. Since judges no longer carry Bibles, Braunstein says there is no reason to stand and his Bible tells him to honor no other God. For this religious practice, Newmeyer and Braunstein were jailed and are now suing. FREE SPEECH: We find that technology has given the government an excuse to interfere with free speech. Claiming that radio frequencies are a limited resource, the government tells broadcasters what to say (such as news and public and local service programming) and what not to say (obscenity, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission FCC). The FCC is investigating Boston PBS station WGBH-TV for broadcasting photographs from the Mapplethorpe exhibit. FREE SPEECH: There are also laws to limit political statements and contributions to political activities. In 1985, the Michigan Chamber of Commerce wanted to take out an advertisement supporting a candidate in the state house of representatives. But a 1976 Michigan law prohibits a corporation from using its general treasury funds to make independent expenditures in a political campaign. In March, the Supreme Court upheld that law. According to dissenting Justice Kennedy, it is now a felony in Michigan for the Sierra Club, the American Civil Liberties Union, or the Chamber of Commerce to advise the public how a candidate voted on issues of urgent concern to their members. FREE PRESS: As in speech, technology has provided another excuse for government intrusion in the press. If you distribute a magazine electronically and do not print copies, the government doesnt consider you a press and does not give you the same protections courts have extended to printed news. The equipment used to publish Phrack, a worldwide electronic magazine about phones and hacking, was confiscated after publishing a document copied from a Bell South computer entitled A Bell South Standard Practice (BSP) 660-225-104SV Control Office Administration of Enhanced 911 Services for Special Services and Major Account Centers, March, 1988. All of the information in this document was publicly available from Bell South in other documents. The government has not alleged that the publisher of Phrack, Craig Neidorf, was involved with or participated in the copying of the document. HUMAN RIGHTS Essay Also, the person who copied this document from telephone company computers placed a copy on a bulletin board run by Rich Andrews. Andrews forwarded a copy to AT .

Outline and assess the main arguments about the need for global governance Essay Example

Outline and assess the main arguments about the need for global governance Paper Within the past few years global governance is a topic which has been raised quite frequently within discussions, it has been defined as a new, co-operative, though as yet largely unspecified way of running world affairs in response to the changes bought by both globalisation and rapid technological change. This definition of global governance is also agreed upon by Simai (1994) who states it is the maintenance of social order world-wide, in which there is no world government and responsibility rests on no actor alone. 1 On the subject there are many different views for the need for global governance, but there are many arguments which highlight the importance of global governance, one of the main arguments is that global governance would be able to regulate other countries. This is that global governance demands that there is regulation which is beyond the normal parameters of the state. This idea has already been put in practice; examples of this would be the United Nations (UN) an d also the world trade organisation (WTO). These organisations were set up to regulate all of their members, to represent the countries which were in need of assistance, and also to negotiate terms of e. g. trade which would benefit populations or in some cases all of society (the banning of CFCs). Latham agrees with this view as in his opinion State governments are too inefficient and there is need for some degree of order which helps strengthen the argument of the effectiveness of global governance. 2 As global governance would be established to monitor the actions of countries, issues which they would have to scrutinize would be issues such as whether the populations were receiving at the very least their basic human rights; the reason for this is that universal human rights are the basis of social organisation. Violations of these are a threat to peace, and their implementation on a global scale is the obligation of the international community. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and assess the main arguments about the need for global governance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and assess the main arguments about the need for global governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and assess the main arguments about the need for global governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As stated above the WTO is a good example of this as they are a non-discriminatory body whose basic principles are the reciprocity of privileges, open markets, privatization, and liberalization. 3 This can be seen as a justification of the need for governance as if this organisation was not introduced countries would be able to take away both their own population and also other countries basic human rights, or maybe taking advantage of another nations situation which they may presently be in. Instead there would be a set of guidelines which countries would have to comply with, otherwise actions could be taken, e. . sanctions or even a military takeover. Another point which supports the notion of the need for global governance is stated by Reginald Dale who says the argument for global governance is relatively simple, as many of todays problems, such as crime disease, pollution and destabilizing capital flows are not confined to national borders and therefore cannot be solved by indiv idual governments alone. Though individual countries can harm their neighbours, if not the entire world, for instance, by failing to control cyber crime, money laundering or environmental disasters. 4 This point elaborates the view how co-operation is needed from all nations as for example the technology in the UK or the USA would be more advanced then less developed countries such as Indonesia, and so the resources of more developed countries could help combat diseases effecting these populations. At present less developed countries are not receiving the representation which they require to help solve problems or concerns which they may have, as countries such as the UK and the USA (considered rich countries) are disproportionably represented when they attend summits or negotiations on area which concern the global population. If global governance was actually introduced this would not be the case, this has two sides though as it means that though less developed countries would be willing to introduce this theory as it would give them more authority, countries such as the major powers would be less willing to give up their position of authority and so this is one of the reasons why it would be difficult for this notion to be implemented. The last statement elaborates the fact of the control in which these rich countries have on the rest of them, this is why in fact that global governance has to be implemented as there will be a proportionate amount of representation and issues which are effecting the largest amount of people or are evaluated as most important topics are put into the forefront of the agenda, overall causing a fairer and just society. Global governance is directed against a set of global problems. Economic, security, and environmental issues are observed to be in the need of global management and submitted to global mechanisms and institutions. In this view, the outside of global governance consists in any resistance to the global management of the respective issue-areas. Since the initiatives and measures of global governance are meant to produce solutions to the issue-areas at hand, any forces that might challenge the governance effort are treated as undesirable disruptions. 5Though this can be seen as a negative view of global governance, the statement could be also seen in a different light. The reason for this is that though it tells us that anything outside global governance is seen as a resistance, the quote shows us the main principles of global governance and if it was introduced would help cause a kind of security blanket for the members who complied with their regulations. Throughout this essay it has been stated how global governance would act as a type of regulatory body monitoring the actions of the countries, though it would have to monitor regulations such as trade agreements it also can monitor actual leaders/presidents of countries to make sure they are using their influence and power in the most suitable way for the population which they govern, and so global governance can help promote human rights and has the capacity to contribute to that objective. This train of thought is really touching on how global governance can help being a boundary for the political. This view is taken by Konrad Spath who states that global governance takes place after the relevant issues are identified and the course of action is selected. Inside the global governance system, the type of problems and the form of solutions that should guide governance are already identified and are waiting for implementation. Any form of politics is supposed to stay outside, because it would undermine the effective operation of the governance system. In this way, governance becomes somewhat post-political, because it is something that takes place after values are chosen, goals are set and political deliberations have designed the future path to a better world. Because political struggles and contests would be counterproductive to the emerging consensus of global regulation, governance itself has to become a sort of boundary for the political. 6 In conclusion, the main arguments for the need of global governance would be that as individual governments cannot solve all issues by themselves global governance can help to regulate all countries, give protection for human rights and trade agreements similar to that being carried out by organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Also, global governance would be a boundary for the political and would help less developed countries have more of an input into how the world is run, and ways in which they would be able to improve their populations standard of living. In my point of view I believe that global governance is a relevant theory which should be considered as there would be many benefits for society if it was introduced, in theory it would create a fairer more just society which would benefit everyone. Though in the light of the arguments it seems that global governance is seen as a good idea, yet we dont know whether this would be the case if put in practice, but only time will tell as at present we do not have any real life examples of this theory to compare with.

Biography on George Mason essays

Biography on George Mason essays "I ask you sir, who are the militia? They consist now of the whole people." Many delegates helped write the Constitution after the Articles of Confederation failed. When these men got together in 1787, with some of the nations most important men abroad and some unable to attend, they were looking only to help this nation have a promising future. Political men, like George Mason, took charge of the convention and gave their ideas to the rest of the delegates. George Mason did many good things for this country. In the following, I will take a look at the things Mason did for this country. George Mason was born to George and Ann Thomson Mason in 1725. At the age ten Masons father died. He was then sent to live with his uncle, John Mercer. Mason had no real education. He learned all he knew through his uncles 1500 volume library that consisted of a third of them being law books. He married Anne Eilbeck in 1750, and in 23 years of marriage they had five sons and four daughters. As one of the richest people in Virginia, George Mason was a very important figure in his community. In 1773 Mason wrote his first major paper that really started his political career. Mason also perused other political interests between the years of 1750 and 1779. One of these political interests was being justice of the Fairfax County court Virginia House of Burgesses. In 1776 Mason wrote the Virginias Declaration of Rights. This document served as the basis for many other colonies declarations. This piece of writing was also used as a guide line for the first part of the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution. Mason worked on many different legislative works from 1776 to 1780. In the early 1780s, Mason retired from political affairs because of his disgust of public affairs. Mason was appointed to the Annapolis convention in 1786, but he declined. Howev ...

Definition and Examples of Grimms Law

Definition and Examples of Grimm's Law Grimms Law is a statement of the relationship between certain consonants in Germanic languages and their originals in Indo-European  [IE]. Also known as the  Germanic Consonant Shift, First Consonant Shift, First Germanic Sound Shift, and Rasks Rule. The basic principle of Grimms law was discovered early in the 19th century by Danish scholar Rasmus Rask, and soon afterward it was described in detail by German philologist Jacob Grimm. According to Millward and Hayes, Beginning sometime in the first millennium B.C. and perhaps continuing over several centuries, all the Indo-European stops underwent a complete transformation in Germanic (A Biography of the English Language, 2012).  In general, says Tom McArthur, Grimms Law holds that unvoiced IE stops became Germanic unvoiced continuants, that voiced IE stops became Germanic unvoiced stops, and that unvoiced IE continuants became Germanic voiced stops (Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005). Examples and Observations Rasks and Grimms work . . . succeeded in establishing once and for all that the Germanic languages are indeed part of Indo-European. Secondly, it did so by providing a brilliant account of the differences between Germanic and the classical languages in terms of a set of amazingly systematic sound changes.  (H. H. Hock and B. D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. Walter de Gruyter, 1996) A Chain Reaction Grimms Law can be considered a chain reaction: aspirated voice stops become regular voiced stops, voiced stops, in turn, become voiceless stops, and voiceless stops become fricatives...Examples of this change taking place at the beginning of words are provided [below]. . . . Sanskrit is the first form given (except for kanah which is Old Persian), Latin the second, and English the third. It is important to remember that the change takes place only once in a word: dhwer corresponds to door but the latter does not change to toor: Thus, Grimms Law distinguishes Germanic languages from languages such as Latin and Greek and modern Romance languages such as French and Spanish. . . . The change probably took place a little over 2,000 years ago.  (Elly van Gelderen, A History of the English Language. John Benjamins, 2006) bhrater-frater-brotherdhwer-foris-doorghordho-hortus-yard (Old English geard)pitr-pater-fathertu-tu-thoukrnga-cornu-hornkanab-cannabis-hemp (Old English henep)danta-dentis-toothjna-gnoscere-know/ken F or V? Grimms Law . . . explains why Germanic languages have f where other Indo-European languages have p. Compare English father, German vater (where v is pronounced f), Norwegian far, with Latin pater, French  pà ¨re, Italian padre, Sanskrit pita.  (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016) A Sequence of Changes It remains unclear whether Grimms Law was in any sense a unitary natural sound change or a series of changes that need not have occurred together. It is true that no sound change can be shown to have occurred between any of the components of Grimms Law, but since Grimms Law was among the earliest Germanic sound changes, and since the other early changes that involved single non-laryngeal obstruents affected only the place of articulation and rounding of dorsals ... that could be an accident. In any case, Grimms Law is most naturally presented as a sequence of changes that counterfed each other.​  (Donald Ringe, A Linguistic History of English: From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford University Press, 2006)

Law judecial precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law judecial precedent - Essay Example its merits and not on the merits of previously decided cases and on the other hand, the law of judicial precedent is important as part of the courts internal control mechanism. With the law judicial precedent, the courts are bound to follow what principles and interpretations of law have been previously set, thus whimsical and unfounded decisions can be avoided. Moreover, since there are now decided cases that may serve as basis in deciding the case at hand, we will have some ideas as to the possible outcome of the case. On the negative side, the existence of judicial precedent can hinder the delivery of justice. As in the case of R v Kansal (2002), the court considered itself as bound by its decision of the case of R v Lambert (2001) even if it knows that its decisions in that case is flawed. Situations like these presents big dilemma that could have some bearing on people’s perspective about the courts. Can the Court correct its flawed decisions even it is bound by the law of judicial precedent? Yes, the decisions of the Courts are not cast is stones and these decisions may be reversed, overruled or rejected under certain grounds. In the case of Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd (1944), the Court of Appeals said that it bound by its previous decision. Technically, the court is saying here that we have decided a case similar as this and unless there is a clear showing that the facts of case at bar contradicts that of the previously decided case, it has no choice but to follow the course of it previous decisions. The Court of Appeals in this case also provided three cases where it can overturn its previous decision and these conditions are as follows (1) where there is a conflict between two Court of Appeals decisions (2) where the decision is in conflict with the decisions made by the House of Lords and (3) where decision of the previous case is said to be given a per incuriam (a fin ding of want of care exist), the courts cannot decide the case at bar

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation Essay

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation - Essay Example However, the proponents of the fair value accounting method argued that this accounting technique was just a messenger and not a major cause or contributor of the subprime mortgage crisis. The paper critically assesses the arguments that have been placed regarding the fair value accounting method being a main reason for the occurrence of the subprime mortgage crisis or the GFC. The idea as to whether the fair value accounting method has actually contributed to the financial crisis or has only played a constrained role in exacerbating the intensity of the financial downturn is evaluated and assessed by taking into consideration the views and arguments presented by different scholars and academicians in their literary works prepared and presented in this topic. The use of empirical evidences and descriptive information are made to analyze and assess the role of the fair value accounting method in the financial crisis. The second part of the report includes a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the fair value accounting method with the traditional accounting methods like the deprival value method of accounting, historical cost method of accounting and the r eplacement cost method of accounting. The report is concluded with a suitable conclusion in which it is highlighted that the role of the fair value accounting practice is much limited as a major reason for the occurrence of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. The role of the fair value accounting technique in the financial crisis of 2008 is a controversial and highly debated topic. The fair value accounting method is the generally used accounting standard in the United States of America and has been specified in the FAS 157 in the year 2007. This accounting method includes the terms of accounting in which the different kinds of financial assets like the mortgage backed securities are priced and valued as per the current market value or mark to market value instead

The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert Cialdin Essay Example for Free

The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert Cialdin Essay A good book for me is something that you don’t want to stop reading. Something that would keep you up late at night and make you try so hard to keep those eyes from closing. The book is over 300 pages long and I figured out that this book by Robert Cialdini might be a little boring so I decided to read colorful magazines in between chapters just to get me through it. It is a classical book published years ago and there are examples of commercials that Im not familiar with. No big deal though, it’s not his fault. I have to admit that on the overall, the book is quite amazing. This classic book on persuasion explains the psychology of why people say â€Å"yes† when they could have said â€Å"no†. It purports why people comply with requests that do not necessarily benefit them. This book talks about the ways salesmen use social conditioning to influence us to buy. Robet Cialdini, a psychologist at Arizona State University, brings evidence from his field to bear on the techniques used by salesmen, politicians, and others to gain compliance. The major techniques advertisers use to manufacture desire are all discussed. These include: reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, liking, authority and scarcity. . They may seem a bit unethical at some points but each chapter ends with ways to defend against each type of influence. Each social tactic is explained thoroughly and the author uses a lot of stories, anecdotes as well as his own experiments to back it up. Dr. Cialdinis research and stories detailed in this book were interesting, applicable in real life situation, and often humorous. I was flabbergasted to read about the powerful, yet restrained and cunning tactics used by many organizations and the media to influence our thoughts, behaviors and opinions. Most folks will recognize these principles in some way from personal experience such as salespersons, telemarketers, advertisements and the like. One of the great points that I find in this book is that, even after just reading the first few pages, you become very aware and realize that indeed those tactics have been used by people using these psychological tools around you. The approaches which I have experienced are on reciprocation, commitment and consistency and liking. In my own personal experiences, some individuals whom I’ve accidentally met would insist on paying for my meals in the restaurant and in return would be asking for favors which they think I can perform in my capacity. That’s just fine though; it is creating an obligation and expecting something in return. This is to trigger an innate response for me to give back. Like they say â€Å"there’s no such thing as a free lunch†. Now, that is clearly applying reciprocation. On my part, I have to do what the other person requests me to do with the idea of paying off the free payments on my meals just to get even and call it quits; you’ve paid for several meals and now I’m doing you a favor; it’s as if I’ve paid for those meals myself although I should have said ‘no’ on the first place. On commitment and consistency; making a commitment and upholding to that commitment even if something goes against what is expected is quite difficult to do. However, it is a proven fact that people who have sworn to do something will do his best to be consistent enough and adhere to that commitment. A politician in one of the local polls in my place committed to help his constituents whether he wins or loses. He lost in the local polls but he sustained what he said. He offered livelihood programs to individuals whom he assesses to be in dire need even if it meant getting the funds out of his own pocket. Cialdini’s book covers six weapons of influence. This book opens people’s eyes to all the psychological tools that people use to influence them. The book tells many stories to illustrate the tools of persuasion, and while reading it you will be thinking of the personal experiences when someone has persuaded you or when you unknowingly used one of these tools to persuade another. Cialdini did not only explain to readers the many ways that these, 6 weapons of influence are used against us, he also explains how we can avoid falling prey to them, and even turn them against the marketers and individuals who use them. It is nice to note that securing compliance from people can be greatly increased by doing them a favor, whether they ask for it, like it, or not; the simple act of a gift creates an obligation to comply with the gift givers request. Public verbal or written commitments drive intense desires to comply; people tend to determine what is correct, or not, by what other people think is correct; we are inclined to say yes to people we like; people tend to comply to authority figures; and other things seem more valuable to us when their availability is limited. This book may be classical but most folks will recognize these principles in some way from personal experiences. I would recommend this book to anyone interested in cognitive science and applied psychology. It is applicable to our daily lives. Readers can use it to defend themselves from marketers or they can use it to influence others as well.

ECON 4131, International Finance, Spring 2002, Exam 1 :: UMN Minnesota Business Economics Finance

Midterm Exam International Finance April 8, 2002 Answer all questions in examination booklets 1. (10 points) Use the BOP accounts guide on the last page of this exam to indicate where each of the following transactions should be recorded in the U.S. balance of payments (e.g.: â€Å"i3†, â€Å"e2†, etc.). Bear in mind that each transaction should generate a capital account and a current account entry. a) The U.S. buys $1m. of lumber from Canada b) Japan buys $500K of fish from an Alaskan fishing outfit c) The U.S. contracts a Panamanian flagged vessel for shipping on the Mississippi d) Mexican migrant workers wire $2m. home for Cinco de Mayo celebrations e) A Panamanian flagged ship purchases a $100K insurance contract from a U.S. firm 2. (10 points) The nation of Pecunia had a current account deficit of $2 billion and a nonreserve capital account surplus of $900 million in 1998. a) What was the â€Å"balance of payments† of Pecunia that year? What happened to the country’s net foreign assets? b) Assume that the foreign central banks neither buy nor sell Pecunian assets. How did the Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves change in 1998? How would this official intervention show up in the balance of payments accounts of Pecunia? c) How would your answer to (b) change if you learned that foreign central banks had purchased $1.2 billion of Pecunian assets in 1998? How would these official purchases enter the foreign balance of payments accounts? 3. (15 points) Derive (show your work) the following, and provide a brief explanation: a) Uncovered interest rate parity b) Covered interest rate parity 4. (10 points) Define â€Å"neutrality of money† and discuss why money is thought to be â€Å"neutral† in the long-run. 5. (10) Define â€Å"Purchasing Power Parity† and discuss the reasons why it might or might not hold. 6. (15 points) In our formal model of exchange rate determination under â€Å"sticky prices† a) What do the two curves represent?

Promoting learning and development in the early years Essay

For a child to develop and learn there are seven areas of learning and development located in the EYFS which are divided into two groups, prime and specific areas of learning. Personal and emotional development, physical development and communication and language. The prime areas are important as they lay the foundations for a child’s success in the specific areas of learning. He specific areas are learning are Literacy, Mathematics, understanding the world and expressive arts and design, which provide a range of opportunities for children to broaden their knowledge and skills. Personal and emotional development means a child developing skills to be able to make relationships and bonds, having self confidence and self awareness, understanding that actions may affect others and be able to learn positive dispositions such as empathy. Physical development means a child moving, running, crawling, minor and major motor skills, health and self care. For a child to communicate effectively he/she will be able to sustain attentive listening and use language appropriate. For a child to use literacy effectively he/she will learn to read, write and listen to instructions. For a child to understand the world, he/she will understand that people have different beliefs, colour skin and religion, the world and technology. A child will also learn other children’s names, talk about family and friends. Expressive arts and design means a child learning to make things, being imaginative and use different materials. Maths will enable a child to use numbers, counting, shapes and measurements. Each of the areas of learning and development are interdependent on each other because if a child lacked the skills needed in one of the areas the he/she would consequently struggle in the others. Personal, social and emotional development supports physical development as if a child who feels secure and safe will then be confident and motivated to move and test physical capacities. It also supports communication and language as it establishes turn talking, joint activities, a desire to communicate and express feels to others. Physical development promotes understanding the world as when a child takes a risk he/she will learn, for example gravity. It also promotes communication and language as a child will be able to use heir body language as well as words to express feelings or thoughts. Mathematics closely supports communication and language, literacy and personal, social and emotional development as if a child cannot read or write they will find it difficult to complete tasks, and if a child cannot communicate then they wouldn’t be able to ask for help. This would then have a knock on affect to a child’s confidence and emotional development. When a child is placed in setting, they follow the EYFS which illustrates different outcomes for child at different ages. These are called the early learning goals, the EYFS profile and the two year assessment. A early years learning goal is a target that a child should be achieving by the age of 5. Practitioners will also observe if a child is exceeding levels or not yet reaching them, meaning they can then give them the required support. The early learning goals are found within the EYFS. A two year assessment is carried out between the ages of two and three. Parents/carers/guardians are provided with a short written summary of the child’s development in the prime areas. Within the progress check it focuses on the prime areas and identifies the child’s strengths and any areas where the child is struggling or where progress is less than expected. An action plan will be made to address any concerns and the practitioner may include other relevant information in addition to the prime areas. The two year assessment must be provided in time to inform the health child programme, this will enable the health visitor to identify a Childs indicial needs accurately and fully at the health review. A EYFS profile provides the reception leader with a detailed picture of the child’s knowledge, understanding and their abilities. All early years providers must complete the EYFS profile for each child until they reach 5 years old as The profile describes the Childs level of attainment at the end of the EYFS and identifies their leaning needs for next stage of school. A copy of the EYFS profile is given to the parents of the child so they are also aware of their child’s progress and so the school can work with the parents to overcome any problematic areas. While in setting a child or young person development is monitored by assessors and recorded. Information about the child must be completed by observations on the child, which means 80% of these observations must be carried out during child initiated activities, this mean that if a practitioner has set up the sand pit for child to play in and one child then decides to take a car and by using his/her imagination to make the sand into a track and race the other cars this would be child initiated activates as the child has decided what he/she wanted to do without being prompted into doing so. Within the EYFS a child’s learning and development are reviewed and documented using the early years foundation stage profile, this document provides a record of the Childs progress in each of the seven areas of learning. This will include all the outcomes from the two year assessment, the EYFS profile and the early learning goals so parents/carers/guardians, practitioners and teachers will be able to see what progress a child has made. As all child sometimes do not complete all the outcomes at the expected times for various reasons, change of nursery, family problems, disabilities, illnesses, communication barriers or age, this must be taken into account and were necessary give a child extra support to enable them to be ready to start school.

Holocaust drama stimulus

During our first lesson, as a class we went through a slide show of different shocking pictures. These shocking pictures represented what the Jewish people had to go through during the period in which the Holocaust took place. As a class, we discussed about how we felt looking at these pictures and these feelings and emotions were going to help us create a new piece of drama later on. The pictures that were being put in front of us made me feel disgusted, it made me feel disgusted that a whole race can happily discriminate and wipe out another race simply because they did not fit in or because they were not liked. I was shocked and angry because no one took action as no one really knew this massacre was taking place. We were going through the slide show which showed these horrid pictures of innocent women, men and even children getting killed, dead in piles of bodies or being in really bad conditions, these pictures made the atmosphere feel different; it made the atmosphere feel gloomy and depressing. Everyone who sat in the room went from feeling happy to feeling sad and miserable but suddenly a picture of a man who was behind all of this cruelty came up, at this point all I felt was anger but I also felt pity for him. I felt pity for him because I didn’t understand how someone can be this cruel to human beings. When the photograph of soldiers and one of Hitler laughing with some people was juxtaposed with the photos of the Jewish people in the camps it made me feel confused with different emotions such as anger and sadness. This was a picture which really made me think about what Jewish people really had to go through. I could see a huge group of heartless and cold blooded German soldiers at the back watching Jews being shot in the back of the head one by one, it seemed like it was some sort of entertainment for them and this was a day to day event. While the soldiers are just watching, a Jewish man is sitting beside his own death waiting to join all the others who have already been sent down. There was nothing he could do to stop him from falling into the ‘death whole’. I think there is some sort of juxtaposition in this picture. The soldiers who are enjoying and the Jewish who are next to their death have been put side to side despite their differences and despite the contrast between them. When we were thinking about being a Jewish person it made me feel miserable. People who were Jewish knew they were going to die one day or another, they were just waiting for their life to be taken by one of the heartless Germans, and living like this everyday with such a thought must have been horrific. I later then used these well-built feelings and emotions to help me maintain a strong and realistic character. These feelings made me focus on the character in which I was playing; it made me focus on what the character may have felt like and what the character went through. I then used all these factors to change the tone of my voice and the way I behave accordingly and appropriately to match the character I was playing. Task 1 After the discussion we were told to create three still images in our groups. We used all the emotions and feelings that a Jewish person may have had and interpreted it as our own. The still images had to include a family who represented three stages of their lives; 1. Life before anything happened 2. When they received the letter about what was going to happen to them 3. The family falling into pieces 1st STILL IMAGE; Happy family before anything happens. 1. The height between each character is different. Brandon is much higher then the rest, this shows that Brandon has higher authority and is a much important member of the family, they have used height arrangements in a clever way as the audience can quickly spot out who has higher authority within the family. 2. The group uses hand gestures to try and tell the audience thing. This particular gesture shows that the family are going to eat their dinner; this is represented with the way their arms and hands are positioned. However all the hand gestures are regular hand gestures, the group should have tried using different variations. 3. Facial expression has been used to express emotion, khaled has a smile on his face; this indicates that he is happy. However this expression looks unrealistic so to make this better khaled should have done a more realistic smile. 4. Proxemics has been used by the group to show the spacing between each character. They are all tightly packed in showing a good family atmosphere. 5. The group has tried to use their body language to show the audience that they are a family who are comfortable around each other. This is done well as they are well packed in together and are slouching in towards each other. The posture also shows the same, the way they are sitting around each other shows that they know each other very well. 2ND STILL IMAGE; this still image shows the stage in which the family has received shocking news 1. Facial expression has been used again by Brandon to show the emotions. The facial expressions that have been used by Brandon show that the family are in shock due to something that has happened or due to shocking information they have received. From this image you can see that Brandon has his face wide open while looking at the document. This has been successful as the audience can quickly spot out that Brandon is shocked. 2. Hand gestures have been used by khaled. In this image khaled look like he is holding something such as a young infant or a baby. However, holding a young infant does not fit in the scenario and it seems like it has been put there ‘randomly’. The group should have picked hand gestures that are connected to the situation. 3. The body language and posture between Rebecca and Calleh shows that they are trying to comfort each other as they are in distress; this has been done well as they are both very low down and their head are facing downwards while holding each other. 4. Proxemics has been used again in this image to show the relationship between two individual by putting them very close to each other. From the body image of the two characters, we can tell that they are in great distress and they are trying to comfort each other by holding each other’s arm. 5. The levels show you who are more upset within the family and who are in more distress. We can tell that the men are taking the situation calmly although they are in shock but the women are in more distress. 3rd STILL IMAGE; Stage in which each family member has to leave and make their own way. 1. Brandon has used facial expression; we can tell that he is not happy; in fact he is quite angry and upset about leaving everyone. His facial expressions are quite powerful as it looks realistic. 2. Their postures and body language gives a hint to the audience that they are not happy. Everyone has their head down showing that they are in distress but the character that had the higher authority (Brandon) is looking back at everything. 1. Everyone is now at the same height and stages, this shows that they are all at the same stages and shows that they all have the same values and destiny (they were all going to die). 2. Gestures have been used, each member have put out their hand, this tells the audience that they do not want to leave each other, and want to come back together as a family. Using arms as a method of connection within individuals is quite powerful. 3. Proxemics(the use of space) represent that they are all now separating from each other to go live their own lives, this is shown as they are further apart from each other and there is no way of coming back together. This group told the audience something new, we were told that Jewish family were like any other families and they lived a normal life such as having family dinners together. Jewish families had nothing that was different from other families but due to new laws and rules they had to leave each other and it’s not very easy to leave someone who is part of your family. This group have worked well as a group to show real emotions and all the gestures they have acted out were realistic making the whole performance realistic and effective. We analysed the poem at first as a class, we could feel the tension around the classroom building up as we were going through the poem. When the poem was being read by the teacher, it felt like a Jewish boy was talking to us directly, it felt so realistic as when the poem was read out, slow and emotional string music was going on in the background making every individual feel upset and emotional. The mixture of the long and short sentences (stanza) makes an impact. Also I like that the writer has used simple use of vocabulary for such a serious situation. However, while analysing the poem I realised that turning such a serious situation into a performance was hard because we had to bring all the different emotions together. When we then got into a group to start a performance, we chose music to accompany our performance. Our group chose music that had a slow pace to it, this fitted in well as our performance in a whole was quite slow. However it was very hard to find unique motions for different sections of the poem. During our performance we put a lot of emphasis on particular words, at the beginning of our performance one individual said; â€Å"and thrown into the fire†. We put emphasis on the word ‘thrown’ by saying it together at the same time with a strong loud voice and the person, who started the sentence alone, finishes the sentence. This made it so much powerful as it tells the audience how bad the Jewish were treated and makes the audience think. Also when shouting a powerful word out in a quiet surrounding, the audience gets shocked and feel more emotional towards the performance. When saying it we also dropped on the floor making it more effective as it was quite loud. â€Å"Lawyers, rabbis, wives, teachers, mothers†; we gave each word to different individual and they all said it in unison. I was sitting in the middle as a child ‘who had dreams, then had no hope’ with each character saying one word that was a career which I could have had. After saying their career they walked off, this showed that the dream I had, has gone and I have now no hope. Saying it unison made an effect as it shows how it not only affected a group of people, but it affected every individual deeply. We also used echoes. â€Å"We were taken away in the dead of night like cattle in cars, no air to breathe† The lights completely switched off and we all came together in a circle facing outwards. When the light turned back on I started saying ‘we were taken away in the dead of night’ then another individual said ‘like cattle in cars, no air to breathe’. The other two individuals where quietly whispering ‘no air to breathe’ creating an echo. It made the atmosphere feel tensed and spooky. We could have improved this as the lights were not switched on and off at the correct times not giving us enough time to go into our position, we should have made it clear to the person who was doing the lighting. Also as we panicked about the light we forgot few bits which we had to say together. â€Å"Smothering, Crying, Starving, Dying†, we all had a particular word to say and while saying it got into a position. We were all in a line in a different level. The person who said ‘Smothering’ were stood higher up and the person who said ‘dying’ was completely on the floor. This showed the different stages a Jewish person went through. Saying it in unison showed that everyone went through the same stages and ended up in the same place ‘dying’. I think this really worked well as saying it in unison and doing the movement to match the word really explained each stage that a Jewish individual had to go through. â€Å"From the ashes, hear our plea†; we said ‘hear our plea’ together as it made it more clear to the audience that ALL the Jewish children were upset and frustrated and wanted someone to listen to them. Our motion to this was sitting on the floor with our arms out looking upwards as if we were praying to have justice and for people to listen to us. I think we could have improved this by saying this together at the same time and improve our timings. â€Å"This atrocity to mankind can not happen again†; we shouted out ‘can not’ together to show our anger against what has happened and show that this certainly cannot happen again. I personally believe this worked well as it showed our anger because we did not shout many things out so shouting these particular words out really meant something. At the end we all got in a line and sat down, we then each said few words from this sentence; remember us/, for we were the children/ whose dreams and lives/ were stolen away. After saying our section we looked down and the lights slowly switched off. I think this was a good end because it seemed like we came back from dead to give a message to everyone and then went back. I believe that we worked well as a group and rehearsed well towards our performance. We had few errors during our performance in which one individual forgot to say something and some repetition were forgotten but these errors were not noticeable.

Learn the things, which can make you a respected leader

Learn the things, which can make you a respected leader Traits to Become a Respected Leader Leadership is the trait that can be useful for any modern person, who is a part of any society. It does not matter if you are an employee of a big international company or just a small group of people working together. It will undoubtedly make   you good, if you have the traits of a leader. It does not necessarily mean that these skills are inherent for a manager or a chief; they can be a wonderful supplement for any person within any collective. They will help you to be more productive at work and to coordinate the working process of yourself and of others more efficiently. At any time a job presupposes a team work and cooperation. And the more efficient the colleagues can cooperate, the better result they can eventually bring. A leader is the very person who directs this process of efficient work and controls it. So, being a good leader, you will definitely make your work prosperous, no matter how custom the conditions are. So, below you can find the traits that can make you a respected and appreciated leader within your team. Attentiveness This feature is always of a big value for any person. Being an attentive person means that you can focus on any surrounding things better and thus, perceive the information better. If you are attentive to even minor details, you can better find a solution to any issue in any circumstances. It can also guarantee that any issues can be foreseen and resolved at the initial stage of any project or work. Nice focus on the aim can always ensure that you will reach the goal and will have a success. Communication Communication is an inherent part of cooperation inside any team. Without communicating it is hard to interact and to do something mutually. Mature personal interaction is also a means of better understanding of your colleagues and teammates and having better business and friendly relations inside a team. This process has a great psychological impact on any personnel and influences a lot of things in regard to mutual understanding between people. So, the better you can communicate with others, the more unity you bring to your team. Confidence When you are confident in any situation, it means that you keep the upper hand, ready to cope with any problem. A confident leader brings firmness and stability of the processes in any team. When other colleagues are sure in their manager, it is greatly reflected on the final results and on the very process of the work. If you show confidence, you can easily assure people around you that they will gain what they strive for. Knowledge The more you know, the more options and ways you can have to solve a problem. Knowledge is precious in any kind of activity; it is valuable for anyone under any circumstances. If you have knowledge in what you do, you are a nice specialist and you can be sure that you will gain a success, as you know what to do and how to do it right. Working much and obtaining experience and also gaining knowledge, you become better and more skilled specialist in your job. Having much knowledge, a leader is a respectful source of confidence and trustfulness for all members of the team. Honesty A lie never brings positive results for a good leader. Of course, while interacting with other people, there can be present some small lie, but no mistrust should be present in any team. Indeed, team members should always be able to rely on their leader, trusting him or her all the time. Honest leader is perennially respected by all the subordinates and team members. The above enlightened traits are undoubtedly indispensable for any person, who wants to be a prosperous and respected leader. These character, thinking and behavior qualities will bring you a success and lots of benefits for your work and colleagues around you.

4 key steps to starting a business - according to financial experts

4 key steps to starting a business - according to financial experts Attention entrepreneurs: Are you eager to kickstart your own business? Of course, the notion of being your own boss and taking your idea, nurturing it with some hard work and ingenuity, and grabbing hold of a little luck in order to turn it into a successful venture is an exciting prospect- and you may be itching to just throw caution to the wind and run with it as quickly as possible. That said, it may be in your best interest to slow things down a bit, temper your excitement with a little caution, and take some more cautious steps forward. After all, the business world is full of people who started off with grand plans for their new businesses but had their entrepreneurial visions knocked out of orbit by harsh reality, failed executions, and poorly-devised and ill-timed decisions.According to a recent article by Investopedia, â€Å"The Small Business Association states that only 30% of new businesses fail during the first two years of being open, 50% during the first five years an d 66% during the first 10. The SBA goes on to state that only 25% make it to 15 years or more. However, not all of these businesses need to fail. With the right planning, funding and flexibility, businesses have a better chance of succeeding.†So, perhaps the first question you should consider asking yourself when planning to start a new business is if you want to be on the winning or losing side of these percentages. Sure, that may not be a difficult one to answer, but whether or not you’re willing to do the requisite amount of careful planning when you’re at the critical initial stages of getting your business off the ground may a bit more tricky. If you’re looking to stack the odds in your favor, then consider the following strategies on how to start a small business, according to financial experts who’ve seen it all and know the most common mistakes and pitfalls to avoid.Define your valueYou may have nothing but the best intentions for wanting to start your own business, but are you sure it’s one that’s poised to generate value (think revenue)? Sure, money isn’t everything, but it is an essential component to making your business take off and be sustainable, so make sure that your venture is one that has a reasonable chance of returning on your investment of blood, sweat, tears, and start-up capital.Back up your hopes with analytics that project a clear and realistic trajectory into the black at some point in time. Also be sure to define how your business idea and brand stand out from the competition, disrupt your industry, and contribute substantively to the world- because if they don’t, then what’s the point?Plan (and plan some more)Enthusiasm is a great thing to have when starting a new venture, but it will rarely sustain a business past initial takeoff. Get grounded and make sure you plan- both for the immediate future and for what lies ahead. Temper your entrepreneurial excitement wit h a solid business plan that legitimizes your goals with demonstrably achievable milestones. (If you’re going to court startup capital from outside sources, this is an absolute must.)Also, take the time to do some long-range projections for your business (try one- and five-year plans to start); these can always be revised as your business idea grows and evolves, but they will be a huge help in determining whether you’re on track for success or a collision course with failure.Get helpNo person is an island, and your business shouldn’t be one either. Savvy entrepreneurs know to leverage their networks to take full advantage of the knowledge, talent, and experience of people in their orbits in an effort to make their business ideas. Regardless of your industry, running a business takes a wide and varied set of skills, and unless you’re an indomitable entrepreneurial wizard and jack-of-all-trades, do yourself a favor and rely on the expertise of others to ben efit your new venture. Don’t be afraid to pay for some outside advice and guidance if need be- consider it a sound investment.Learn from mistakesThe truth is, almost no one gets everything exactly right when starting a business. But often, the difference between a successful business and a flop is an entrepreneur who learns from their mistakes. You can either self-assess regularly, take note of what went wrong, and make a swift course correction†¦ or sit back, avoid self-assessment, and remain doomed to keep repeating failures. Consider the missteps that happen along the way as valuable learning moments, and use them to your advantage as you trudge forward.

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Essay

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property - Essay Example This is sound ethical behavior, even if such reporting will result in severe financial loss to the company. All of the issues and more are covered in this case study. It is important to consider the reality of direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing by consumer and its potential impact. This paper will analyze such issues in the context of PharmaCARE, while also exploring intellectual property considerations and U.S. law. The backdrop to this dialogue will be a strong consideration of the ethical obligations that a company like PharmaCARE has to the global community. Direct to Consumer Marketing and Drug Companies Simply put, direct to consumer marketing involves the promotion of a product in mainstream media. The intent is to promote the product by appealing the potential consumer directly. The term is actually most commonly applied to the pharmaceutical industry, which makes it worthy of discussion in this case. Drug companies that engage in direct to consumer marketing bypass health pr ofessionals and attempt to reach the patient directly. The Federal Food and Drug Administration regulate such advertising, yet many professionals claim that the oversight is quite lax and ineffective. There are several concerns with this method of advertising that applies particularly in the case of PharmaCARE. It should be noted that the most common methods of direct to consumer marketing include television advertising, print, radio, and now social media outlets. With the lack of adequate oversight, questions of an ethical nature are frequently asked when considering whether or not drug companies should use such a marketing strategy. Advertising companies are not health professionals. They do not diagnose patients and they cannot adequately determine if the side effects of any given drug may be counterproductive for the consumer. While pharmaceutical companies are required by law to indicate potential side effects of the drug being marketing, and they are only permitted to tout pro ven benefits of the medicine, such disclaimers are often not clear to the consumer. This can lead individual patients to try and self-diagnose their own illnesses, and then approach their own physician about getting a particular drug prescribed to them. This leads us to yet another ethical dilemma. If an advertising campaign for a new drug floods the airwaves, physicians may become inundated with requests to prescribe the drug to their patients. This puts the physician in an awkward position. They may end up overprescribing the drug, doing so without themselves actually researching the drug and feeling comfortable in its use. This creates the ethical question of whether drug companies should even be permitted to engage this practice at all. The argument is that they should only allowed to promote their products directly to health care professions, who can then decide which drugs best suit their particular patients. The practice of direct to consumer pharmaceutical advertising (DTCPA ) has so many ethical implications that most countries have an outright ban on the practice. Only the United States and New Zealand permit its broad use. This is the reason that PharmaCARE has been permitted to engage in the practice. To be fair, not at all pharmaceutical companies market their drugs directly to the consumer. It seems to be

History wk10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History wk10 - Essay Example Whitten (1993) suggested that infusing Black psychologists into an introductory course will help students understand the social, economic and political factors on human development. I believe this is important because we tend to have a narrow view of the world that only encompasses those areas that we know well. We need to expand our thinking and take a look at how feminists, Black, cross-cultural, gay/lesbians and other look at the world. Talking about these issues in a class will make them more important to the student. Globalization impacts psychology because there are so many different issues that influence an individual's mental health. Arnett (2002) points out that globalization impacts every aspect of human life. He specifically looks at how this impacts adolescents but it is important as scholar practitioners to look at how people are impact. As a teacher and scholar practitioner, I would bring in many different types of issues so that my students could take a look and learn empathy for different situations. I believe that adding DVDs, extra readings and such would insure that students gained a well rounded understanding of why many different multicultural issues were important to the study of psychology. References Arnett, J.J. (2002).

Ethical Behavior at Bayview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Behavior at Bayview - Essay Example Ironically, many individual despise it, yet research shows that most of them have been involved in cheating at one instance or another during their academic activities. In the global year 2008 and 2009, there were different forms of accusations by financial managers, corporate officers, and street executive which involved the unethical cheating character (Bowers, 2004). One article that mostly featured in the public domain, argued out that, in the area of business, academic cheating is a chronic challenge which had escaped successfully without a lasting solution. This article came up with an estimate of 56% as a percentage ratio of students who study business that were claimed to be involved in academic cheating during their career. Additionally, the article states that, on approximation, 47% of the non business students were involved in the academic cheating of a certain type. This raised the concern that this might have been the case at Bayview University, more significantly affect ed wad the dean. Different members of the faculty have come to belief that academic cheating in this institution is more widespread than at other universities (Cole, 2000). A significant number of other faculty members argue that academic cheating can never qualify to be categorized to be a challenge in the institution (Keith-Spiegel, 2008). In attempts to have this issue resolved satisfactorily, this report presents an analysis of the current ethical character of business students at the University of Bayview. In this study, we hypothesize that the proportion of Bayview University’s business students involved in a form of academic cheating is smaller than that of other institution’s business students. Managerial Report. Methodology. Participants. The sample for this study constitutes about 90 business students. The sample was obtained from this year class that was going to graduate. The sample was made up of about 42 female students and 48 male students. Procedure. A survey was given to the ninety business students. The participants of this study were given three questions on different types of academic cheating. The first question sought to find whether the subjects were involved in some internet copying during their career at Bayview. The second question sought to find out whether the participants attempted to copy the work of other students during an examination. The third question sought to reveal whether some students collaborated with other students on an assignment meant to be handled  individually. A participant who gave a yes as an answer in one or more of the questions was classified to have taken part in some form of academic cheating. The responses to the given questions gave out data in respect to about three categories of academic cheating. The data collected was recorded in tables 1 and 2.Results. Table 1: Cases of academic cheating in business students at Bayview University. Student Copied from Internet Copied on Exam Collabora ted on Individual Project Gender 1 No No No Female 2 No No No Male 3 Yes No Yes Male 4 Yes Yes No Male 5 No No Yes Male 6

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is a huge factor in most traditional religions, some of which include the Africans, Native Americans, many parts of Asia, as well as other cultures. Although the definition of a shaman differs from one region to the next, the general dictionary definition of a shaman is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events. The term shaman originated in the Mongol and Turkish area and is translated literally as one who knows which connects to their knowledge of the ways to manipulate spirits and magic. With Shamanism being involved in so many different cultures, its difficult to give it just one definition, so in this paper I will go through a few of the cultures and explain their specific definition of shamanism and the different aspects involved in African traditional religions. African Shamanism There are many different aspects to African shamanism. The main definition of shamanism in Africa has a good connotation and usually involves manipulation of spirits or earthly substances to heal, direct, or do beneficial work for others. Some of the specific names of these shamans are rainmakers or heaven herders, herbalists or medicine men, and diviners. Not all people use their sources for good works, and when a shaman begins using his or her techniques for evil doings, they then acquire the name of witch or sorcerer. Such is the case in most other cultures as well. There are two distinctive traditional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have many similarities as well as differences. The Zulu stick mostly to the hills because of their geographical location, and in turn consider hills to have spiritual significance. Because hills have such special meaning, the Zulu build their towns, or kraals, on the hillsides in a circular formation with the gates facing east (do to significance of the sun), the herd in the center of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane has a lot of influence on the tribe. He holds the political, social and religious leader roles over the whole tribe, and is often a diviner. The headman of each Zulu kraal is the chief official of the village and also that person most directly responsible for the performance of the ritual acts expected of all Zulu, especially those that address the ancestors.  [1]  Besides solving disputes or making decisions within his kraal, one of the umnumzanes main roles is contact with the ancestors. He will perform all the rituals and such things to please the ancestors for everyone within his kraal. The ancestors play a huge part in Zulu beliefs and so the role of the umnumzane is very important. The people want to keep the ancestors happy so that they will continue to have good fortune in their lives. According to most African traditional religions, the ancestors do not cause misfortune, but other people do. The authority system is quite similar in the Yoruba tribes. Their political, social and religious leader is one and the same, but rather than having a settlement on a hillside where the rituals involve all of the community under one leader, the religious obligations are put on the head of the family, or the olori ebi, and that person does the communication with the ancestors, and keeps them happy and such. Each family has its own shrine. The community still gets together as a whole to perform religious ceremonies, but it is more focused on the family. Divination is used to determine solutions to problems, to depict reasons of misfortune, or even to predict the future. In the Zulu culture, diviners must be called by means of a dream or vision that is followed by aches, pains, or other bodily dysfunctions. Anyone can become a diviner, although typically women occupy the position. Once called, the person will need to be trained by an experienced diviner. The Yoruba are a bit different with their diviner. They have a priestly cast, and one part of the caste called the Orunmila specifically use divination practices to contact one particular god for answers. Like the Zulu though, the one that will become a diviner will go through extensive training from an experienced diviner. Diviners in both circumstances have many means of doing their work. They can use elements such as water, fire, bones, sticks, etc. to find their answers, and with these objects, they have created means of interpreting the signs from each. In some circumstances, the diviners will allow themselves to be in a trance that allows them to communicate with the spirits, or even be possessed by the spirits in order to find the answers for their clients, but typically the diviners are the ones manipulating the spirits and getting their knowledge rather than being used by the spirits. Once people have determined what their problem is from the diviner, they then go to a herbalist for a remedy. Herbalists could easily be translated to doctors and serve the same role in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were trained to know well which herbs or remedies worked for the different circumstances. Part of the traditional religions is that spirits live in many of the nature elements, and so herbalists used this theology in their works as well. They would use certain plants or locations because of the spiritual elements involved, and would manipulate the spirits in such a way to cure their client. Whereas most diviners are women, most herbalists are men. Knowledge of medicine is usually handed down from father to son.  [2]  Along with the passed on knowledge, herbalists were always open to new information. This includes realistic information, as well as spiritual insights. Another form of spirit manipulation in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or heaven herders. Heaven herders are always men, and have to be called in some way by the Sky God. Their job is to control where storms and such go. They are said to be disciples of the Sky God, as well as a medium between the people and the Sky God. With cattle and agriculture being a huge part of the Zulu culture, it makes sense that the sky is handled as cattle are, and that the weather needs to be controlled for the sake of those who own raise crops to feed the people. The Yoruba hold no such position, although they do also worship a similar god with their priestly cast. They (diviners) are not the only supernaturally inspired helpers people turn to for advice. Many consuld mediums who communicate with spirits while in a trance. Some may be possessed only once or twice in their lifetime, but others claim to be in regular contact with one or more familiars that they can identify by name.  [3]  The Yoruba called these people elegun. Among the Zulu, only the diviner could do such, but the with the Yoruba, anyone could be used as a medium; they did not need to be a diviner. The Yoruba also have people that are called the egungun. The egungun are masked dancers that perform for the ancestors. They have special masks that are connected spiritually to the ancestors and are said to have great power. Only men are allowed to be egungun, with the exception of one woman, who is the director or dresser. One has to earn the title of egungun by going through a certain process. While most of those positions are very open to the public and or the good of the community, some people misuse their abilities. Such people are called witches or sorcerers. Since the peoples believe that the spirits do not cause any harm, all bad things are supposedly a result from witches and sorcerers. According to the Zulu, someone could be a witch without realizing it. Their very presence would bring misfortune to those around them. In most cases though, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that use their talents for evil. They twist the system from using their powers mischievously. They work secretively, and usually only at nights. Although trying to differentiate between witches and sorcerers is difficult, there are a few small means of differing them. Sorcerers tend to work alone where as witches will gather together at night and work as a team. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is the ability to shape-shift. There one story of sorcerer luring a woman to fall in love with him. He offered to marry her, and on their trip back to his village the stopped for the night. During the night he transformed into a lion in order to eat her. Luckily for her, her brother did not trust the man and followed them, and proceeded to protect his sister from being eaten. Other stories tell of sorcerers taking on the form of an owl for means of escaping their house silently and unknowingly. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is their ability to use the undead. They can kill a person using their black magic, and then use the persons dead body for their own use. Witches are most often depicted as using voodoo, charms and curses. Voodoo involves acquiring a part of someone, such as a hair, nail, or something of the sort, and it is added to a certain object that the witch makes. The part of the person connects them to the witches object, and the witch is able to toy with the person in this way. Charms could be an object that has been chanted over and charged with magic. A charm could be a piece of paper with a chant written on it that could be worn, or a charm could simply be a chant itself used in moments of needed protection or other. Most often, people would get charms to protect themselves from witches curses. The last main thing that witches use is curses. Curses, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a worry of average people for longer than history can tell. Often it is a chant said with emotion over a person to bring misfortune on them. They can be spoken in an unknown language, which is said to have more impact on th e target. Native American Shamanism Native American shamanism is similar in a lot of ways, as well as different in a lot of ways. Shamans are viewed in a good way, where their work is for the better of the community. Each nation had spiritual leaders and healers each one had different beliefs of what practices were done. The Lakota believed that their spiritual leaders were in constant communication with Wakan Tanka or The Great Spirit. Their role was to seek spiritual enlightenment and secure the tribes good graces with the spirit world. They were healers of the mind and body.  [4]  They have healers-which is the same idea as herbalists-diviners, and mediators, as well as witchcraft. Native Americans have strong ties with animals though. To the Native Americans, the medicine men are not so much magical in their works, but they are knowledgeable people who have a greater understanding and like to think. Their natural abilities make them suitable to be medicine men. Medicine men more frequently appeared in tribes that were able to be open and exchange thoughts and knowledge with other tribes. Most often fathers would pass down knowledge to their sons and so the title stayed within the family that way. The Native American divination practices differed from that of the Africans. They often used stars, and things of nature to determine the answers that were sought. Sometimes they would use a pipe, and the answers would come through their opened mind from the smoke. They still used divination in the same way as the Africans, so use the spirits to find answers for their clients. Witchcraft, although not the technical title, in the Native American tribes had a much different feel though. Rather than voodoo and curses, the Native American bad shamans worked with charms and animals. The charms again were certain made objects that had been charged with power, and were used to protect the person from evil and misfortune. The Native Americans had an interesting relationship with animals. A power animal protects you physically and provides you with emotional support, wisdom, and vital energy. Some people think a power animal is a spirit being that stays with you because it cares for you and enjoys being able to experience life in a physical body. Others think a power animal is a symbol for ones subconscious wisdom. Almost everybody has a power animal; some have several. (Perhaps you had an invisible animal friend as a child or have always been fascinated with a particular kind of animal. This animal may be your power animal.) A person may in the course of life lose contact with the power animal, thereby losing the animals protection, wisdom, and energy. If you lose contact with your power animal, you may feel dispirited, you may become sick easily, or you may be accident-prone. The shamanic healing technique of power animal retrieval can restore a persons connection to a power animal. A person can also journey to find his or her own power animal.  [5]  With this emphasis on animals, often the bad shamans could be connected shape-shifters that caused issues. The main evil in Native American beliefs was evil spirits. With a belief in the ancestor spirits and animism, the Native Americans had to always keep all the spirits happy, and misfortune was often cause by spirits, thus the need for protective charms and shared power of animal spirits. Conclusion Despite having minimal contact between these 2 cultures, it is surprising that they share such similar roles. On the other hand, this shows the nature of humans over all with paranoia of spirits and bad luck, as well as the respect for ancestors. Shamanism is a big part of both cultures, and has many different aspects to it.